AMP for email is a way to build emails that allow users to interact dynamically with the content of the message. AMP emails can load up-to-date data, handle form submissions inline, provide interactive components like carousels and accordions, and even use modern CSS.
AMP for email is a combination of a whitelisting process and a subset of the open source AMP HTML web component library that together allows you to build and send dynamic emails. You may have seen examples of this in your inbox before — my favourite is this experience when commenting on a Google Doc.
You will need to have both Sender Authentication (SPF and DKIM) as well as DMARC set up in order to successfully send AMP emails. If these are not setup properly then the inbox will not render the dynamic part of the email at all.